The Ten Gurus of Sikhism: Teachings, History, and Legacy

The foundation of Sikhism rests upon the teachings and spiritual leadership of the Ten Gurus — divine guides who shaped the faith, established its values, and led followers toward truth, equality, and devotion to the One Creator. From Guru Nanak Dev Ji to Guru Gobind Singh Ji, each Guru played a vital role in guiding humanity on the path of righteousness and service.

1. Guru Nanak Dev Ji (1469–1539)

The founder of Sikhism and the first Guru, Guru Nanak Dev Ji emphasized the oneness of God, equality of all human beings, and living a truthful, honest life. His message — “There is no Hindu, there is no Muslim, only human” — laid the foundation for a faith rooted in unity, compassion, and love.

2. Guru Angad Dev Ji (1504–1552)

Guru Angad Dev Ji introduced the Gurmukhi script, which became the standard writing system for the Punjabi language and Sikh scriptures. He also promoted physical fitness, humility, and community service through Langar — the free community kitchen.

3. Guru Amar Das Ji (1479–1574)

A champion of equality, Guru Amar Das Ji abolished social barriers such as caste and gender discrimination. He made Langar mandatory before any audience with the Guru and introduced important Sikh traditions, including Anand Karaj (the Sikh marriage ceremony).

4. Guru Ram Das Ji (1534–1581)

Guru Ram Das Ji founded the city of Amritsar, which later became the spiritual center of Sikhism. His hymns of devotion and humility are part of the Guru Granth Sahib, inspiring Sikhs to live with grace and compassion.

5. Guru Arjan Dev Ji (1563–1606)

The first Sikh martyr, Guru Arjan Dev Ji compiled the Adi Granth, the sacred scripture of Sikhism, and built the Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple). His sacrifice symbolized the strength to stand against injustice and uphold truth.

6. Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji (1595–1644)

Guru Hargobind Ji introduced the concept of Miri and Piri — the balance of spiritual and temporal authority. He wore two swords to represent this dual responsibility and encouraged Sikhs to defend righteousness while remaining deeply spiritual.

7. Guru Har Rai Ji (1630–1661)

Known for his compassion and kindness, Guru Har Rai Ji emphasized love for nature, peace, and service to others. He maintained the principles of Guru Hargobind Ji but led with gentleness and care.

8. Guru Har Krishan Ji (1656–1664)

The youngest Guru, Guru Har Krishan Ji, became Guru at the age of five. Despite his youth, he served selflessly during a smallpox epidemic in Delhi, healing the sick and comforting the suffering. He is remembered as the embodiment of purity and humility.

9. Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji (1621–1675)

Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji sacrificed his life defending the right to religious freedom for all, particularly the oppressed Kashmiri Pandits. His martyrdom stands as a symbol of courage, truth, and the defense of human rights.

10. Guru Gobind Singh Ji (1666–1708)

The tenth Guru, Guru Gobind Singh Ji, founded the Khalsa in 1699 — a community of baptized Sikhs devoted to justice, equality, and service. He completed the Guru Granth Sahib, declaring it the eternal Guru for all Sikhs after him.

The Eternal Guru: Guru Granth Sahib Ji

After Guru Gobind Singh Ji, the Guru Granth Sahib Ji became the eternal living Guru of the Sikhs. The sacred scripture contains the spiritual teachings of the Gurus and other enlightened saints, guiding humanity toward truth, devotion, and unity with the Divine.